What is a formula? Is it different from a model? If so, how?
Formula: a statement expressing some fundamental truth or principle. The formula generally has a mathematical nature, however in such a case the only way it differs is how it represents data. Generally, though, the model shows the result of when a formula has bee put into practice.
What is the Lasswell formula? How does it relate to Jakobson's model?
Lasswell's formula asks questions that need to be answered in order to come to conclusions. Jakobson's model already gives the answer and asks for the question.
Some communications scholars have attacked it. Why did they do so?
Scholars have attacked the idea of a model because it is too generalized.
Define phatic" communication and give some examples of it.
Phatic communication is used to express emotions vs. specific information. Examples may be a sigh, a grunt, or even perhaps a scream.
Saturday, September 27, 2008
10. A Model of the Communication Process
List and define Jakobson's six constitutive factors involved in verbal communication.
context- the main bulkof the message.
addresser- the one sending the message.
message- what the adresser sends
addressee- the one who gets the message.
contact- he physical channel between the addresser and addressee.
code- what the context is composed of.
Define and explain the difference between "emotive" and "referential" functions.
The referential function is more denotive or congnitive.
The emotive is more expressional.
Scholes says there is a difference between a message and a meaning. Explain.
The message is physically what is understood in the literal sense. The meaning is more of an understanding through a code and is generally not literally proposed.
How do the different codes people have cause problems for the mass media.
Because everyone's codes are different and what can mean one thing to one person or one group of people can end up meaning something to an entirely different group of people. The media must judge and decide how to best represent something to everyone's appeal.
context- the main bulkof the message.
addresser- the one sending the message.
message- what the adresser sends
addressee- the one who gets the message.
contact- he physical channel between the addresser and addressee.
code- what the context is composed of.
Define and explain the difference between "emotive" and "referential" functions.
The referential function is more denotive or congnitive.
The emotive is more expressional.
Scholes says there is a difference between a message and a meaning. Explain.
The message is physically what is understood in the literal sense. The meaning is more of an understanding through a code and is generally not literally proposed.
How do the different codes people have cause problems for the mass media.
Because everyone's codes are different and what can mean one thing to one person or one group of people can end up meaning something to an entirely different group of people. The media must judge and decide how to best represent something to everyone's appeal.
8. Culture and Unconcious
How did E.B. Tyler define culture?
"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and many other capabilities and habits aquired by man as a member of societies." (pg. 23, 50 ways to Understand Communication)
What changes would you make to this definition? How do you define culture?
I probably wouldn't use the same wording the idea is the same. I suppose I define culture as the "customs and habits of a specific group of people". The customs and habits would by default include the knowledge, belief, morals, laws and arts.
If the unconcious imposes form on content, how do we know this?
Years of study and research have proved certain theories about this to be true. While we cannot simply identify everything, scientists and theorists have probed too many and sought out answers.
Why does Levi-Sauss argue that the forms imposed by the mind are universal?
Levi-Sauss argues this because he believes that we impose upon contact which can be found for everyone.
How can these forms be the same for all minds, ancient and modern, primitive and civilized?
They supposedly are because there are relations between the human conciousness of all systems.
How can collective phenomena be unconcious? What aspects of life are covered by this notion?
It can be compared to language, where the linguistic grammers are unconciously known until the science of the language is discovered by the person. The collective phenomena can be covered by many though, including moral, politics, attitudes, religion, and even social aspects.
"That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and many other capabilities and habits aquired by man as a member of societies." (pg. 23, 50 ways to Understand Communication)
What changes would you make to this definition? How do you define culture?
I probably wouldn't use the same wording the idea is the same. I suppose I define culture as the "customs and habits of a specific group of people". The customs and habits would by default include the knowledge, belief, morals, laws and arts.
If the unconcious imposes form on content, how do we know this?
Years of study and research have proved certain theories about this to be true. While we cannot simply identify everything, scientists and theorists have probed too many and sought out answers.
Why does Levi-Sauss argue that the forms imposed by the mind are universal?
Levi-Sauss argues this because he believes that we impose upon contact which can be found for everyone.
How can these forms be the same for all minds, ancient and modern, primitive and civilized?
They supposedly are because there are relations between the human conciousness of all systems.
How can collective phenomena be unconcious? What aspects of life are covered by this notion?
It can be compared to language, where the linguistic grammers are unconciously known until the science of the language is discovered by the person. The collective phenomena can be covered by many though, including moral, politics, attitudes, religion, and even social aspects.
7. Structural Perspective
What does it mean to say "the mind works through form?"
Our minds learn things and experience things in a structured form, in a physical form of some kind, and thus our minds work through that.
Claude Levi-Strauss believes the way the mind works hasn't changed over history. What do you think?
I think the way the mind works has changed over history. First and foremost the mind still strives for survival, however priorities have changed, new things have come into the picture that we must account for. Bargaining and moral has come into question. While the basic instinct of survival still lives, we can now deny the instinct and go against. Gruesome it may be, suicide is not in our instinct but it is something some yearn for.
What is the role of paired opposites in the ideas of Levi-strauss?
The idea is similar to the Chinese philosphy of Yin and Yang. That without one there cannot be the other. It is not a relation of good vs. bad, more as a a good vs. not good.
Why do "separate units" have no meaning in language?
Separate units are only separate units because they become so from the ways they are assembled. Seperate units in themselves have no meaning on their own unlike the combined units. For example, "A" in itself has no meaning. "A ball" however means there is one type of ball involved somewhere in anything, even if only in a sentance.
It is the way that myths are ssembled that is crucial, Douglas asserts. Why?
Because myths belong to a different level of mental activity. Myths must reach beyond the plane of basic reality and reach into an imaginary world where anything can happen. We must not only find a way to stretch our minds to see what wouldn't not originally be seen in real life and thus in order to make the myth reach a certain level, it must be assembled in a semi-logical way. You cannot have Icarus one day walking along the path and finding a pair of wax wings and falling to his doom the next. There must be reason and logic to understand how such a thing happened.
Define structuralism and explain its significance.
Structuralism: a way to analyze different works of literature, linguistics, or other written/spoken language.
It allows us to delve deeper into the realm of writing and language and to understand how different ways of speech are started, understood and discontinued. Structuralism also begins other theories in psychology and anthropology.
Our minds learn things and experience things in a structured form, in a physical form of some kind, and thus our minds work through that.
Claude Levi-Strauss believes the way the mind works hasn't changed over history. What do you think?
I think the way the mind works has changed over history. First and foremost the mind still strives for survival, however priorities have changed, new things have come into the picture that we must account for. Bargaining and moral has come into question. While the basic instinct of survival still lives, we can now deny the instinct and go against. Gruesome it may be, suicide is not in our instinct but it is something some yearn for.
What is the role of paired opposites in the ideas of Levi-strauss?
The idea is similar to the Chinese philosphy of Yin and Yang. That without one there cannot be the other. It is not a relation of good vs. bad, more as a a good vs. not good.
Why do "separate units" have no meaning in language?
Separate units are only separate units because they become so from the ways they are assembled. Seperate units in themselves have no meaning on their own unlike the combined units. For example, "A" in itself has no meaning. "A ball" however means there is one type of ball involved somewhere in anything, even if only in a sentance.
It is the way that myths are ssembled that is crucial, Douglas asserts. Why?
Because myths belong to a different level of mental activity. Myths must reach beyond the plane of basic reality and reach into an imaginary world where anything can happen. We must not only find a way to stretch our minds to see what wouldn't not originally be seen in real life and thus in order to make the myth reach a certain level, it must be assembled in a semi-logical way. You cannot have Icarus one day walking along the path and finding a pair of wax wings and falling to his doom the next. There must be reason and logic to understand how such a thing happened.
Define structuralism and explain its significance.
Structuralism: a way to analyze different works of literature, linguistics, or other written/spoken language.
It allows us to delve deeper into the realm of writing and language and to understand how different ways of speech are started, understood and discontinued. Structuralism also begins other theories in psychology and anthropology.
Wednesday, September 24, 2008
6. Language Codes
How do restricted and elaborated codes affect people's lives? elaborated codes are much more complex and are supposedly for a more middle-upper class. It is based more on logical stands than resctricted codes are. Restricted codes are more simple, use easier sentence structure
What are the basic characteristics of restricted and elaborated codes? Restricted codes have a basis in condensed symbols, while elaborated codes are based in articulated symbols.
What positive attributes are connected to each code?
How do langauge codes shape future behavior?
Supposedly, if children grow with an elaborated or restricted code they will ascert themselves in either the middle class or low class culture.
Does this coding notion help explain the "culture of poverty"?
In my oppinoin, it does not. The culture of poverty cannot simply be explained by the language. End.
Which code did your parents speak when you grew up? Give an example.
I like to think my parents used the restricted code. They wouldn't know about the "code" and they did use emotion. However, the fact is probably they used the elaborated code. Always using semi-complex wording and grammer and many qualifiers were part of the language. The vocabulary was varied and they are middle class through and through.
Do you think the mass media have affected the codes people learn?
I certainly do believe so. Even though my parents would use elaborated code with me, I learned restriced code from television. Children are very impressionable at a young age and the media has so many techniques for getting their message out there, whatever it may be.
What are the basic characteristics of restricted and elaborated codes? Restricted codes have a basis in condensed symbols, while elaborated codes are based in articulated symbols.
What positive attributes are connected to each code?
How do langauge codes shape future behavior?
Supposedly, if children grow with an elaborated or restricted code they will ascert themselves in either the middle class or low class culture.
Does this coding notion help explain the "culture of poverty"?
In my oppinoin, it does not. The culture of poverty cannot simply be explained by the language. End.
Which code did your parents speak when you grew up? Give an example.
I like to think my parents used the restricted code. They wouldn't know about the "code" and they did use emotion. However, the fact is probably they used the elaborated code. Always using semi-complex wording and grammer and many qualifiers were part of the language. The vocabulary was varied and they are middle class through and through.
Do you think the mass media have affected the codes people learn?
I certainly do believe so. Even though my parents would use elaborated code with me, I learned restriced code from television. Children are very impressionable at a young age and the media has so many techniques for getting their message out there, whatever it may be.
5. Society Precedes Indivisuals
What does Culler mean when he says "society is the primary reality?"
He means of the ways we precieve things and differentiate between reality and fantasy, society is our main comparing system. We get our notion of what is real vs. what isn't from what society says.
How can society "precede" the indivisual? Is this a chicken and egg argument?
Two people from society come together and make the person, where as the person as a group make up society. I don't beleve it is an chicken and egg argument though because two general people had to come together first and two alone is not society.
Why isn't society the result of indivisual behavior?
Because one person does not make a general society. Many bodies come together make the society and thus many people's behaviors are needed. One person's behavior, however influential it can be, does not make a new society.
What is the underlying basis of the science of semiotics for culler?
The assumption that as long as human actions or productions convery meaning, they can be considered signs.
Is it correct to say that the single indivisual doesn't think? Explain why or why not.
I think it's wrong to say the indivisiual doesn't think. Instead I like to think the indivisual thinks, the group does. In other words, the indivisual thinks of things, but it's the group that puts it into action.
Why is the notion of the "self-made man/woman" an illusion? What does de Tocqueville say?
The idea of a self-made man/woman is that the person makes their own way without help from anyone else. That despite the challenges they can overcome on their own, they will always need some sort of help in one way or another. Tocqueville says indivisualism is from an inccorect judgement not depraved feelings.
He means of the ways we precieve things and differentiate between reality and fantasy, society is our main comparing system. We get our notion of what is real vs. what isn't from what society says.
How can society "precede" the indivisual? Is this a chicken and egg argument?
Two people from society come together and make the person, where as the person as a group make up society. I don't beleve it is an chicken and egg argument though because two general people had to come together first and two alone is not society.
Why isn't society the result of indivisual behavior?
Because one person does not make a general society. Many bodies come together make the society and thus many people's behaviors are needed. One person's behavior, however influential it can be, does not make a new society.
What is the underlying basis of the science of semiotics for culler?
The assumption that as long as human actions or productions convery meaning, they can be considered signs.
Is it correct to say that the single indivisual doesn't think? Explain why or why not.
I think it's wrong to say the indivisiual doesn't think. Instead I like to think the indivisual thinks, the group does. In other words, the indivisual thinks of things, but it's the group that puts it into action.
Why is the notion of the "self-made man/woman" an illusion? What does de Tocqueville say?
The idea of a self-made man/woman is that the person makes their own way without help from anyone else. That despite the challenges they can overcome on their own, they will always need some sort of help in one way or another. Tocqueville says indivisualism is from an inccorect judgement not depraved feelings.
Friday, September 19, 2008
2. Signs and Semiotics
How does Saussure define a sign?
A sign of something that unites a concept with a sound-image. It's something that leaves an impression on our senses and we can recall and make the connection.
What is the relationship that exists between a signifier and a sifnified?
They indicate the opposition that separates them from eachother, and from the wholes that they're part of.
Explain Saussure's statement that "concepts are purely differential".
That concepts don't show what's the same, but instead what's different about each one and how it makes it different.
What does Saussure mean when he says "in language there are only differences"?
That language is based off oppositions, but not the negation of. (ex: happy vs. sad, not happy vs. unhappy)
What is the difference between language, speech, and parole?
Language is more of a social thing, between people.- needs more than one person to use and learn.
Speech is more for the indivisuals and socialness.- needs people but can also be created on ones own.
Parole is more based on the indivisual. - you only need yourself to come up with some sort of speech.
Is what you are wearing today language, speech, or parole? Explain your choice.
I suppose my clothing choice is more speech than anything. It is not dependant on socialness, but more on my own choices. At the same time, they're in an acceptable style for the social interactions with others.
A sign of something that unites a concept with a sound-image. It's something that leaves an impression on our senses and we can recall and make the connection.
What is the relationship that exists between a signifier and a sifnified?
They indicate the opposition that separates them from eachother, and from the wholes that they're part of.
Explain Saussure's statement that "concepts are purely differential".
That concepts don't show what's the same, but instead what's different about each one and how it makes it different.
What does Saussure mean when he says "in language there are only differences"?
That language is based off oppositions, but not the negation of. (ex: happy vs. sad, not happy vs. unhappy)
What is the difference between language, speech, and parole?
Language is more of a social thing, between people.- needs more than one person to use and learn.
Speech is more for the indivisuals and socialness.- needs people but can also be created on ones own.
Parole is more based on the indivisual. - you only need yourself to come up with some sort of speech.
Is what you are wearing today language, speech, or parole? Explain your choice.
I suppose my clothing choice is more speech than anything. It is not dependant on socialness, but more on my own choices. At the same time, they're in an acceptable style for the social interactions with others.
Tuesday, September 16, 2008
9. The Importance of Metaphor
Define the folling terms:
Metaphor-an analogy made between two (or more) things without using like or as
Similie- an anaology made between two (or more) things using like or as
metonymy- a figure of speech which represents something else symbolically.
"sweat" can mean "hard labor," and "Capitol Hill" represents the U.S. Congress. ~Dictionary.com
synedoche- a figure of speech that has a logical verbal form, but is construed.
"The house was built by 40 hands" for "The house was built by 20 people." See metonymy. ~Dictionary.com
Defend or attack the notion that our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphoric.
When we get down to it, the way we think of things and create concepts is through the basic metaphors of every day life. Not only in writing and speech, but also actions. When we act a certain way it's because we try to represent something. ex: we skip to show happiness, we pout to show we're upset. we give roses to show love or romance.
Give me some examples of how metaphors may affect our behavior?
How can a snake be both metaphoric and metonymic?
Metaphor-an analogy made between two (or more) things without using like or as
Similie- an anaology made between two (or more) things using like or as
metonymy- a figure of speech which represents something else symbolically.
"sweat" can mean "hard labor," and "Capitol Hill" represents the U.S. Congress. ~Dictionary.com
synedoche- a figure of speech that has a logical verbal form, but is construed.
"The house was built by 40 hands" for "The house was built by 20 people." See metonymy. ~Dictionary.com
Defend or attack the notion that our conceptual system is fundamentally metaphoric.
When we get down to it, the way we think of things and create concepts is through the basic metaphors of every day life. Not only in writing and speech, but also actions. When we act a certain way it's because we try to represent something. ex: we skip to show happiness, we pout to show we're upset. we give roses to show love or romance.
Give me some examples of how metaphors may affect our behavior?
A metaphor can not only misconstrue the way we take words given but also mislead us into thinking the wrong things. Metaphors tend to be cryptic.
How can a snake be both metaphoric and metonymic?
A snake can both represent a penis, or something that the garden of eden.
Discuss the implications of specific metaphors. Find ones that are interesting.
Discuss the implications of specific metaphors. Find ones that are interesting.
she's an angel // wolf
4. Antithetical Meanings of Words
Why does Freud assert that "no" doesn't exist in dreams?
Because, according to Freud, our minds don't like the restriction so in our dreams we reduce the restriction so we have none.
How can a word have two meanings that are opposites of one another?
Freud says "our conceptions arise through comparisons." Is that what Saussure argued?
Do you think the iceberg model does justice to Freud's theories on the unconcious?
I'm sure it could. Because our unconcious is such a large mystery to us, it is fitting that the idea of 90% of it is being unseen in the shadows of the water.
What is meant by "reactions formation"?
Supposedly we express one feeling through its opposite. An example is supposedly when kids are young, some do mean bully things when they really like the girl, like chase them in the yard, pull pigtails, trip them in the halls, etc.
Are most people in the United States dominated by their ids or superegos? Defend your answer.
When someone just wants something to smoke. When it really doens't matter if they get a cigar or a cigarette or a pipe.
Because, according to Freud, our minds don't like the restriction so in our dreams we reduce the restriction so we have none.
How can a word have two meanings that are opposites of one another?
Freud says "our conceptions arise through comparisons." Is that what Saussure argued?
Technically Saussure argued that there's only differences in language, however the idea is the same.
Do you think the iceberg model does justice to Freud's theories on the unconcious?
I'm sure it could. Because our unconcious is such a large mystery to us, it is fitting that the idea of 90% of it is being unseen in the shadows of the water.
What is meant by "reactions formation"?
Supposedly we express one feeling through its opposite. An example is supposedly when kids are young, some do mean bully things when they really like the girl, like chase them in the yard, pull pigtails, trip them in the halls, etc.
Are most people in the United States dominated by their ids or superegos? Defend your answer.
I think people are more dominated by their IDs these days. Because many are into who they are and what they wear or just being different, it's their identity in this world that make a person a person and thus it's sad that despite perhaps a secret urge to do something, they don't because of the public appearance of them being the ones who do it.
When is a cigar only a cigar?When someone just wants something to smoke. When it really doens't matter if they get a cigar or a cigarette or a pipe.
Saturday, September 13, 2008
35867. Extras Q's due 9/15
1) list on your blog a word which played an important role in the history of th eUS
No: the more people saw "no" in any sign the more people had the urge to go against the sign and do whatever it is they said they couldn't do, especially if it violated civil rights or freedoms.
2) list on your blog a word which played an important role in your life
Up: It was recorded as my first word. I love to be in the sky in planes, i love climbing and just moving up in general (physical or metaphorical). "Up" is usually my goal.
3) list on your blog an example of a word which had changed meaning through the years.
Hot: "Hot" used to simply pertain to temperature, but in the 20th century, hot became a term for beautiful as well, most commonly used in clubs or raves. It was once mainly a term for good looking men or women that are found sexually arousing, but was soon also used for ordinary objects such as cars, pictures, or even a computer. It is now used for looks of anything or anyone, in a good way usually.
No: the more people saw "no" in any sign the more people had the urge to go against the sign and do whatever it is they said they couldn't do, especially if it violated civil rights or freedoms.
2) list on your blog a word which played an important role in your life
Up: It was recorded as my first word. I love to be in the sky in planes, i love climbing and just moving up in general (physical or metaphorical). "Up" is usually my goal.
3) list on your blog an example of a word which had changed meaning through the years.
Hot: "Hot" used to simply pertain to temperature, but in the 20th century, hot became a term for beautiful as well, most commonly used in clubs or raves. It was once mainly a term for good looking men or women that are found sexually arousing, but was soon also used for ordinary objects such as cars, pictures, or even a computer. It is now used for looks of anything or anyone, in a good way usually.
3. When I use a Word, Humpty Dumpty said...
Would it be better to celebrate "unbirthdays" rather than birthdays? If so, why? If not, why not?
It would be better not to, because since the birthday is only one day a year, it is more of a reason to celebrate, it stands out and comemorates the day of birth wich is usually a joyous one. However, because unbirthdays are so common, there is little reason to celebrate. Also it would be very expensive to get or make someone a present for all 364 days a year.
Was Humpty Dumpty correct when he asserted that words mean whatever he wants them to mean?
In a way, he is. A word is simply a sound or several sounds someone makes that end up meaning something. It matters not what the word is. If someone grew up thinking the word "woof" mean cat. They would eventually see a cat and could call out "I see a woof!" It's merely on how the person is raised and what they learn the word to mean.
What is the difference between connotation and denotation?
Denotation is the literal meaning behind the word, while the connotation is what the word represents.
(http://www.reference.com/browse/denotation)
Are the dictionary makers "masters" of what words mean? Defend your answer.
No, they are not the "masters" of what words mean. They just happen to have been able to compile a large common sum of views on what the word means. It does not mean they define what the word is. A dictionary is also usually made up of dozens of people all compiling data from dozens of others in which the data is taken from hundreds of thousands of people.
If words could mean whatever we wanted them to mean, could we communicate with others?
No we could not. Just because a word means one thing for us, it does not mean it means the same thing for others and what can be a good thing for some is a bad thing for others. Miscommunication is huge in today's world, and that's when there's a common meaning for most words among people.
It would be better not to, because since the birthday is only one day a year, it is more of a reason to celebrate, it stands out and comemorates the day of birth wich is usually a joyous one. However, because unbirthdays are so common, there is little reason to celebrate. Also it would be very expensive to get or make someone a present for all 364 days a year.
Was Humpty Dumpty correct when he asserted that words mean whatever he wants them to mean?
In a way, he is. A word is simply a sound or several sounds someone makes that end up meaning something. It matters not what the word is. If someone grew up thinking the word "woof" mean cat. They would eventually see a cat and could call out "I see a woof!" It's merely on how the person is raised and what they learn the word to mean.
What is the difference between connotation and denotation?
Denotation is the literal meaning behind the word, while the connotation is what the word represents.
(http://www.reference.com/browse/denotation)
Are the dictionary makers "masters" of what words mean? Defend your answer.
No, they are not the "masters" of what words mean. They just happen to have been able to compile a large common sum of views on what the word means. It does not mean they define what the word is. A dictionary is also usually made up of dozens of people all compiling data from dozens of others in which the data is taken from hundreds of thousands of people.
If words could mean whatever we wanted them to mean, could we communicate with others?
No we could not. Just because a word means one thing for us, it does not mean it means the same thing for others and what can be a good thing for some is a bad thing for others. Miscommunication is huge in today's world, and that's when there's a common meaning for most words among people.
Friday, September 12, 2008
1. Words and Communication
What does it mean to say that language is a game?
All languages can be broken into different game pieces of vowels, consenents, pitches, stresses, junctures and terminal contours. All these pieces are used in the game of putting them together for a way to communicate.
If Langauge is a game, does that mean that conversation, based on language, is a game?
Yes, because the object is to convey the different words one used in the previous game and a new game is created to make sure one understands the other.
What other definitions of language does Farb offer?
Defend the assertion that speech is the basis of "all the other hallmarks of our humanity".
Speech can definately be considered the basis of "all the other hallmarks of our humanity" because without speech, of some kind (not necessarily full sentences or words) there is very little communication and we are limited to what we can convey. Pointing and gestures can only get so far, but even gestures are considered a type of speech (American Sign Language). With sounds and gestures humanity has been free to alter and combine and create many different languages of their own filled with complexity in audio and script.
What are the attributes of a game? What implications does langauge being a game have?
A game must have game pieces, and a set of rules to play by and most importantly, a (set of) player(s). Language has different sounds as the game pieces, the players are humanity itself, and the rules are endless for different forms of communication. Each langauge can have a set of rules and thus a new game in itself, depending. For instance, Japanese is a different game as opposed to old English. There are different characters, sounds, and order to how things work, thus creating 2 ways for the same game. The goal in all games, however, is the same: communciate to another person.
All languages can be broken into different game pieces of vowels, consenents, pitches, stresses, junctures and terminal contours. All these pieces are used in the game of putting them together for a way to communicate.
If Langauge is a game, does that mean that conversation, based on language, is a game?
Yes, because the object is to convey the different words one used in the previous game and a new game is created to make sure one understands the other.
What other definitions of language does Farb offer?
Defend the assertion that speech is the basis of "all the other hallmarks of our humanity".
Speech can definately be considered the basis of "all the other hallmarks of our humanity" because without speech, of some kind (not necessarily full sentences or words) there is very little communication and we are limited to what we can convey. Pointing and gestures can only get so far, but even gestures are considered a type of speech (American Sign Language). With sounds and gestures humanity has been free to alter and combine and create many different languages of their own filled with complexity in audio and script.
What are the attributes of a game? What implications does langauge being a game have?
A game must have game pieces, and a set of rules to play by and most importantly, a (set of) player(s). Language has different sounds as the game pieces, the players are humanity itself, and the rules are endless for different forms of communication. Each langauge can have a set of rules and thus a new game in itself, depending. For instance, Japanese is a different game as opposed to old English. There are different characters, sounds, and order to how things work, thus creating 2 ways for the same game. The goal in all games, however, is the same: communciate to another person.
Wednesday, September 10, 2008
20. Fashion as Communication
what does the author say about the differences between the ways men and women use their bodies?
Men use their bodies in a very straightforward manner and learn to grasp and hold and manipulate things, while women are delicate and precious and learn to caress things and people.
What is a gender script? How do these gender scripts function?
It says men should use their bodies and put it out there while women's bodies are precious and they should have a nurturing nature in them.
What did Flugel say about clothes and sexuality? Do you agree? Justify your answer.
I agree with Flugel to an extent. I agree that clothes do portray one's sexuality at times, but i can't imagine it's supposed to show the "suitability for sexual intercourse. It can show how much someone can be desirable, no doubt. Many do go for that. However, I don't believe it means they're ready to get laid right then if they wear something see through. Sometimes the clothing is for personal reasons, or for comfortable-ness. The idea of a thong was once to show you're ready to get laid because it gives easier access than full panties. However, some argue these days that they wear them for comfort as opposed to sexual allure.
What did Laver say about the social spheres of men and women dress? Do you agree? Explain your answer.
He says that men's sphere is a social one that shows the hierarchy of the male's status in society. While women's spheres are on seductiveness and designed to show how desirable a woman is.
For the past, I would disagree and say the women were also trying to dress for social status purposes, however some were simply unable. In this day and age, I would say women are dressing more for the show of seductiveness, but also the men would be doing it. The baggy pants and all would be to hide his penis when it grows in the prescense of a very alluring woman who dresses seductive to simply see the reaction.
How is fashion "collective behavior"?
It's collective because people want to collect and gather as much of the current trend as possible, and when one trend is finished they go after another, simply collecting more stuff.
What is the irony of fashion?
The irony in fashion is that people who don't want to follow the trend, end up making yet another trend that others follow and most of them go by a certain trend anyway simply as an opposite to the current. Goth or punk is a great example. People would wear all black so as to go against the fashion of many colors, and more and more people picked up. Then people added some color and tried their own style of wrist bands, fishnets on the arms, etc. and soon that became a trend in itself because it was found to be "cool" and soon everyone was doing it.
Men use their bodies in a very straightforward manner and learn to grasp and hold and manipulate things, while women are delicate and precious and learn to caress things and people.
What is a gender script? How do these gender scripts function?
It says men should use their bodies and put it out there while women's bodies are precious and they should have a nurturing nature in them.
What did Flugel say about clothes and sexuality? Do you agree? Justify your answer.
I agree with Flugel to an extent. I agree that clothes do portray one's sexuality at times, but i can't imagine it's supposed to show the "suitability for sexual intercourse. It can show how much someone can be desirable, no doubt. Many do go for that. However, I don't believe it means they're ready to get laid right then if they wear something see through. Sometimes the clothing is for personal reasons, or for comfortable-ness. The idea of a thong was once to show you're ready to get laid because it gives easier access than full panties. However, some argue these days that they wear them for comfort as opposed to sexual allure.
What did Laver say about the social spheres of men and women dress? Do you agree? Explain your answer.
He says that men's sphere is a social one that shows the hierarchy of the male's status in society. While women's spheres are on seductiveness and designed to show how desirable a woman is.
For the past, I would disagree and say the women were also trying to dress for social status purposes, however some were simply unable. In this day and age, I would say women are dressing more for the show of seductiveness, but also the men would be doing it. The baggy pants and all would be to hide his penis when it grows in the prescense of a very alluring woman who dresses seductive to simply see the reaction.
How is fashion "collective behavior"?
It's collective because people want to collect and gather as much of the current trend as possible, and when one trend is finished they go after another, simply collecting more stuff.
What is the irony of fashion?
The irony in fashion is that people who don't want to follow the trend, end up making yet another trend that others follow and most of them go by a certain trend anyway simply as an opposite to the current. Goth or punk is a great example. People would wear all black so as to go against the fashion of many colors, and more and more people picked up. Then people added some color and tried their own style of wrist bands, fishnets on the arms, etc. and soon that became a trend in itself because it was found to be "cool" and soon everyone was doing it.
Sunday, September 7, 2008
Chapter 19 Facial Expressions:
List and Discuss the areas facial expressions give information about.
Poker players try to hide emotions to give away or mislead other opponents.
Research what has been found about which muscles express which emotion in the face.
Great site for interactive expression maker:
http://www.do2learn.com/games/facialexpressions/face.htm
Why do we feel emotions when we are watching preformers pretend to feel things in texts?
- affective state- emotions, such as fear, sadness, joy, or disgust
- cognitive activity- concentration or boredom, how attentive someone is
- temperament and personality- hostility, or shyness, anything that has a human trait
- truthfulness- (sort of self explainatory) whether somoene is concealing or keeping a secret
- psychopathology- aids in diagnosing and treating disorders such as mania, schizophrenia, depression, etc.
Poker players try to hide emotions to give away or mislead other opponents.
Research what has been found about which muscles express which emotion in the face.
Great site for interactive expression maker:
http://www.do2learn.com/games/facialexpressions/face.htm
Why do we feel emotions when we are watching preformers pretend to feel things in texts?
It can make us relate simply through images and thus we can feel with the actor.
Do you think any facial expressions are universal.? If so, which ones? Justify your position.
I do believe some facial expressions are universal such as happiness or sadness. I believe it's natural to smile when happy. Babies can't be taught right off the bat if they're happy, but they smile naturally, or their face twists in a frown as they cry. People have not been taught to blush if they're embarressed, it's simply natural. And thus, I believe certain expressions are natural and universal, though not all, such as silly faces. Those are shown and taught.
Are facial expressions gender specific? If so, which ones? Explain your answer.
I do not believe facial expressions are gender specific. Body language can be gender specific, however, facial expressions are not.
If we can automate reading facial expressions, do you think that will be good or bad?
Contrary, I think we already have. We have computers and books that map out each facial look, idea or expression and we can recreate as we see fit. Some rare people can be trained to read the expressions and i think it can be good, so long as it's used appropriate, such as finding liars for criminal purposes.
Bonus Question: Which is more important, verbal or nonverbal?
I believe non-verbal communication is more important. It's one thing to say something, anyone can say something but they don't have to mean it. The actions put into it, or the expression on someone's face can tell someone if the word is true.
Do you think any facial expressions are universal.? If so, which ones? Justify your position.
I do believe some facial expressions are universal such as happiness or sadness. I believe it's natural to smile when happy. Babies can't be taught right off the bat if they're happy, but they smile naturally, or their face twists in a frown as they cry. People have not been taught to blush if they're embarressed, it's simply natural. And thus, I believe certain expressions are natural and universal, though not all, such as silly faces. Those are shown and taught.
Are facial expressions gender specific? If so, which ones? Explain your answer.
I do not believe facial expressions are gender specific. Body language can be gender specific, however, facial expressions are not.
If we can automate reading facial expressions, do you think that will be good or bad?
Contrary, I think we already have. We have computers and books that map out each facial look, idea or expression and we can recreate as we see fit. Some rare people can be trained to read the expressions and i think it can be good, so long as it's used appropriate, such as finding liars for criminal purposes.
Bonus Question: Which is more important, verbal or nonverbal?
I believe non-verbal communication is more important. It's one thing to say something, anyone can say something but they don't have to mean it. The actions put into it, or the expression on someone's face can tell someone if the word is true.
Chapter 18 Non Verbal Communication
Define "nonverbal" communication. How does it differ from verbal communication?
Non-verbal communication: every day social interaction consisting of facial expressions, postures, movements and gestures.
Verbal communication, however, can contradict the silent messages and thus we can mistrust what we hear or say.
What are the three dimensions of human behavior that are expressed non-verbally?
Can you think of other dimensions that might be expressed non-verbally?
Not yet.
Non-verbal communication: every day social interaction consisting of facial expressions, postures, movements and gestures.
Verbal communication, however, can contradict the silent messages and thus we can mistrust what we hear or say.
What are the three dimensions of human behavior that are expressed non-verbally?
- in like or dislike
- dominance
- responsiveness
Can you think of other dimensions that might be expressed non-verbally?
Not yet.
-in class: emotion, shock/surprise
Why do we trust body language and facial expressions more than verbal messages?
Because our actions tend to dictate what we mean to say and so our words are merely a weak form of communication.
Why do we react certain ways to visual stimuli?
We react depending on the level of awarenesss something or someone is for us. The more aware of the moment, or the object/person we are, the more we react.
Why do we trust body language and facial expressions more than verbal messages?
Because our actions tend to dictate what we mean to say and so our words are merely a weak form of communication.
Why do we react certain ways to visual stimuli?
We react depending on the level of awarenesss something or someone is for us. The more aware of the moment, or the object/person we are, the more we react.
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